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''Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution'' is a 1996 book by Michael J. Behe that presents his notion of irreducible complexity and claims that its presence in many biochemical systems therefore indicates that they must be the result of intelligent design rather than evolutionary processes. In 1993, Behe had written a chapter on blood clotting in ''Of Pandas and People'', presenting essentially the same arguments but without the name "irreducible complexity", which he later presented in very similar terms in a chapter in ''Darwin's Black Box''. Behe later agreed that he had written both and agreed to the similarities when he defended intelligent design at the ''Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District'' trial.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Kitzmiller v. Dover: Day 11, AM: Michael Behe )〕 A second edition of ''Darwin's Black Box'' was published in 2006. Behe is known, besides authoring the book, as a professor of biochemistry at Lehigh University in Pennsylvania and as a senior fellow of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture. The book has received highly critical reviews by many scientists, arguing that the assertions made by Behe fail with logical scrutiny and amount to pseudoscience. For example, in a review for ''Nature'', Jerry Coyne panned the book for what he saw as usage of quote mining and spurious ad hominem attacks.〔 ''The New York Times'' also, in a critique written by Richard Dawkins, condemned the book for having promoted discredited arguments.〔 Despite this, the book has become a commercial success, and, as a bestseller,〔http://www.discovery.org/a/3550〕 it received a mostly supportive review from ''Publishers Weekly'', with it claimed as having a "spirited, witty critique of neo-Darwinian thinking" that may "spark interest".〔''Publishers Weekly''〕 The politically conservative magazine ''National Review'' also voted ''Darwin's Black Box'' one of their top 100 non-fiction books of the century, using a panel that included Discovery Institute member George Gilder.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 The 100 best non-fiction books of the century )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 George Gilder, Senior Fellow - Discovery Institute )〕 == Overview == The "black box" in the title refers to the conceptual tool in which, for one reason or another, the internal workings of a device are taken for granted, so that its function may be discussed. The philosophical tool is commonly used in scientific discourse, and Behe notes that understandings of cellular structure and other aspects of microbiology were not much understood when Charles Darwin was alive. He then states that he plans to delve into the issue. Behe begins by reminding the general reader of paradigm shifts in the history of science, in which the foundations and assumptions of theories are examined, sometimes resulting in the rejection of an entire past theory. Behe suggests that such a paradigm shift in biology (and particularly in evolution) is imminent due to recent discoveries (circa 1996) in biochemistry. Behe acknowledges acceptance of the theory of evolution by "the great majority" of scientists, and he states that "most (though not all) do so based on authority." Behe states that elucidations of the evolutionary history of various biological features typically assume the existence of certain abilities as their starting point, such as Charles Darwin's example of a cluster of light-sensitive spots evolving into an eye via a series of intermediate steps. He then points out that Darwin dismissed the need to explain the origin of the 'simple' light-sensitive spot, summarizes the modern understanding of the biochemistry of vision and claims that many other evolutionary explanations face a similar challenge. Along the way, Behe concedes that he believes in the concepts of common descent and natural selection in general, thinking that the evolution of human beings from other primates makes sense. Behe next introduces and defines the concept of irreducible complexity as a system with a series of parts in which the removal of any part causes the entire system to cease functioning, offering a spring-loaded bar mousetrap as a familiar example. In the following chapters, Behe discusses the apparent irreducible complexity of several biological systems, including the cilium, the bacterial flagellum, blood clotting, the immune system, and vesicular transport. Behe claims the underlying complexity and biochemical mechanisms of the systems are vastly under-appreciated, and identifies other, similar systems. Behe identifies one of the primary counter-arguments of irreducible complexity, gradual adaptation—that certain systems may have been co-opted from an original, unrelated role to assume a new function as an irreducibly complex system. He counter-argues that though it is impossible to consider all possible roles for any component, it is extremely implausible that components can fortuitously change function within a complex system and that the focus of the theory changes from making to modifying components and recounts unsuccessful attempts to discover evolutionary pathways for complex systems within scientific journals. Behe states that though he did identify assertions that evolution had occurred, he found none that had been supported by experiment or calculation, and concludes the book by offering intelligent design as a solution to irreducible complexity. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Darwin's Black Box」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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